一、我國傳統模(mo)式

 1. 國家投(tou)資 設計、采購、施(shi)工分(fen)階(jie)段分(fen)部(bu)門完成(cheng)。建(jian)(jian)(jian)設單位(wei)成(cheng)立(li)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設指揮部(bu)代表(biao)業主負責整個(ge)項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設過程中的(de)設計協調、物資采購、施(shi)工管理等(deng)，項(xiang)目(mu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設基本完成(cheng)后交(jiao)付生(sheng)產單位(wei)（中交(jiao)）管理，進(jin)行開工準(zhun)備。投(tou)料試車并考核合格(ge)后經過國家相關的(de)部(bu)門（包(bao)括地方的(de)安全(quan)消防、環保等(deng)）驗收合格(ge)后，正式進(jin)入生(sheng)產階(jie)段。

 2. 企(qi)業自有(you)資金和銀行貸款、股(gu)份制投資等 業主(zhu)(zhu)負(fu)責(ze)招標或委托(tuo)設(she)計(ji)、采購(gou)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)單(dan)位(wei)，各單(dan)位(wei)分階段完成(cheng)(cheng)各自工(gong)(gong)作。業主(zhu)(zhu)成(cheng)(cheng)立項目部，任命(ming)項目經理(li)(li)負(fu)責(ze)整個(ge)項目建設(she)過程(cheng)中的(de)設(she)計(ji)協調、物(wu)資采購(gou)、施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)等，由監理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)或委托(tuo)有(you)資質(zhi)的(de)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)管(guan)理(li)(li)單(dan)位(wei)負(fu)責(ze)現(xian)場的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)(li)等工(gong)(gong)作。

二、設計、采購、施工承包模式(shi)

  1. 交鑰匙總承包(bao)(bao)（engineering procurement construction，EPC） 是指承包(bao)(bao)商按照合同(tong)約定，負責(ze)(ze)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)的設計、采購(gou)、施工(gong)(gong)(gong)安(an)裝和試運行(xing)服務全(quan)過(guo)程(cheng)，向(xiang)業主交付具備使用(yong)條件(jian)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，并(bing)對承包(bao)(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的質量、安(an)全(quan)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)期、造價全(quan)面(mian)負責(ze)(ze)，最終向(xiang)業主提(ti)交一(yi)個滿(man)足使用(yong)功能(neng)、具備使用(yong)條件(jian)的工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)項(xiang)(xiang)目(mu)。

  2. 設計(ji)-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包(bao)（D-B）模式，是指工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程承(cheng)包(bao)企業按照合(he)同(tong)約定，承(cheng)擔(dan)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目設計(ji)和施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，并(bing)對承(cheng)包(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)質量、安全、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期、造(zao)價全面(mian)負(fu)責。根據工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程項目的(de)不同(tong)規模、類型和業主要求，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程承(cheng)包(bao)還可采用設計(ji)（E）、設計(ji)-采購承(cheng)包(bao)（E-P）、采購-施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)承(cheng)包(bao)（P-C）等模式。

  如(ru)果采用(yong)的(de)(de)模式(shi)下，施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)和(he)設(she)計(ji)是分離(li)的(de)(de)，雙方難(nan)以(yi)及時協調，常常產生造價(jia)(jia)和(he)使用(yong)功能上(shang)的(de)(de)損失(shi)。在建(jian)設(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)(de)造價(jia)(jia)上(shang)，設(she)計(ji)對造價(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)影(ying)響占80％以(yi)上(shang)，降低(di)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)，最(zui)重要的(de)(de)階段就在于設(she)計(ji)。工(gong)(gong)(gong)程總承包模式(shi)下，設(she)計(ji)和(he)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)過程深(shen)度交叉，能夠在保證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程質量的(de)(de)前提下最(zui)大限度地降低(di)成本。

 工程(cheng)應(ying)用(yong)：不清楚項目模(mo)式而造成的損失(shi)

  某交鑰匙總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)（固(gu)定總(zong)價合同），在(zai)設(she)(she)計(ji)過程中，項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)管理業(ye)主方(fang)提出了一系(xi)列(lie)的(de)(de)(de)修改(gai)方(fang)案，例如(ru)：增(zeng)加360m長管廊、隔熱(re)(re)設(she)(she)計(ji)的(de)(de)(de)隔熱(re)(re)層(ceng)(ceng)和(he)防護(hu)層(ceng)(ceng)修改(gai)為較昂貴的(de)(de)(de)材料等，由于配管設(she)(she)計(ji)仍(reng)然按(an)照(zhao)純設(she)(she)計(ji)（E）模式的(de)(de)(de)項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)思路(lu)進行(xing)設(she)(she)計(ji)，沒有進行(xing)記錄，完全照(zhao)業(ye)主的(de)(de)(de)新方(fang)案修改(gai)，與簽項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)合同和(he)總(zong)價時的(de)(de)(de)配管設(she)(she)計(ji)方(fang)案相比，增(zeng)加了很(hen)大一筆費用，造成(cheng)了項(xiang)目(mu)(mu)(mu)總(zong)承(cheng)包(bao)方(fang)很(hen)大的(de)(de)(de)損失。