金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，對研制(zhi)和(he)發展新金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)、改(gai)進(jin)材料(liao)質量(liang)、限度發揮材料(liao)潛力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)許用(yong)(yong)(yong)應力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、分(fen)析金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)故障(zhang)、確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)設計(ji)合(he)理(li)以(yi)及(ji)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)維護的(de)(de)安可(ke)(ke)靠，都是必(bi)不可(ke)(ke)少的(de)(de)手段(duan)(見金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)表征(zheng))。金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)基本任務(wu)是正(zheng)確(que)(que)地選(xuan)(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)儀器、裝備和(he)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣，確(que)(que)定合(he)理(li)的(de)(de)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)判據，并(bing)準(zhun)(zhun)確(que)(que)而盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)快地測(ce)(ce)(ce)出(chu)這(zhe)種判據。 測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)方法(fa)(fa)和(he)條件(jian)(jian)(jian) 為(wei)了(le)確(que)(que)切表征(zheng)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)材料(liao)在使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(服役)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)所表現的(de)(de)行為(wei),力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)(jian)(jian)應盡量(liang)接(jie)近實際工作條件(jian)(jian)(jian)。除普通(tong)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(利用(yong)(yong)(yong)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi))外，近年來又(you)發展出(chu)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)，即應用(yong)(yong)(yong)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)模(mo)(mo)型，或甚至使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)真實機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，在模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)機(ji)件(jian)(jian)(jian)真實工作條件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)進(jin)行力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)。通(tong)過這(zhe)種試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)所得到(dao)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng))判據，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)更(geng)真實反映工作條件(jian)(jian)(jian)下(xia)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)，具有重大的(de)(de)工程實際意(yi)義。但是，模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)般(ban)缺乏普遍性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)，應用(yong)(yong)(yong)受到(dao)限制(zhi)。然而根據具體情(qing)況，進(jin)行部分(fen)模(mo)(mo)擬(ni)服役條件(jian)(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)還是十分(fen)必(bi)要的(de)(de)。 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)設備、試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣形狀、尺(chi)寸和(he)加工方法(fa)(fa)、加荷(he)速率(lv)、溫度、介質等(deng)，均(jun)影響(xiang)金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)。只有采用(yong)(yong)(yong)相同(tong)的(de)(de)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)方法(fa)(fa)標準(zhun)(zhun)和(he)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規程，才能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)保證金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)結果(guo)的(de)(de)可(ke)(ke)靠性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)可(ke)(ke)比性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)。正(zheng)確(que)(que)選(xuan)(xuan)擇和(he)執行標準(zhun)(zhun)，是確(que)(que)保金(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)質量(liang)的(de)(de)要條件(jian)(jian)(jian)。
測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內容 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)是(shi)研究金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)作用下所(suo)(suo)表現(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)行(xing)為(wei)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)發(fa)生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現(xian)象。由(you)于作用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)點(如力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)種(zhong)(zhong)類、施(shi)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)方(fang)式(shi)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態等(deng)(deng)(deng))和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)態所(suo)(suo)處環(huan)境的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)不同，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)在受(shou)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)后表現(xian)出(chu)各種(zhong)(zhong)不同的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)(如彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)強度(du)(du)(du)等(deng)(deng)(deng))。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)低，通(tong)常用力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)判(pan)據來表征，如抗(kang)(kang)拉強度(du)(du)(du) 、伸長率、沖擊韌度(du)(du)(du)、疲勞(lao)限等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)制(zhi)(zhi)件(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)服(fu)役條件(jian)復(fu)雜，因而，金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)條件(jian)也(ye)是(shi)復(fu)雜而多樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)過程需要考慮的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)參(can)數很(hen)多，常用的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)有： A 溫度(du)(du)(du) 室溫、高(gao)(gao)溫、低溫和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)按照定規律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫度(du)(du)(du)； B 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li) 拉伸、壓(ya)縮、彎(wan)曲、扭轉、剪(jian)切、復(fu)合(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)、按定規律(lv)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)隨(sui)機(ji)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； C 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian) 軸(zhou)向、徑向、表面、彈性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、塑性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、總應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)； D 環(huan)境 空氣、真空、控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)氣氛、腐(fu)蝕介質(zhi)、海水、水蒸氣、高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)、腐(fu)蝕、核(he)輻照、宇(yu)宙(zhou)空間等(deng)(deng)(deng)； E 加荷速(su)(su)率(或(huo)(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)速(su)(su)率)低速(su)(su)、中速(su)(su)、高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)低速(su)(su)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)速(su)(su)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； F 應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)(或(huo)(huo)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian))循環(huan)頻(pin)率 低頻(pin)、中頻(pin)、高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)低頻(pin)、超(chao)(chao)高(gao)(gao)頻(pin)等(deng)(deng)(deng)； G 時(shi)間 瞬間、短時(shi)、長時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)短時(shi)、超(chao)(chao)長時(shi)； H 試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang) 般、小、大(da)、棒狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、板狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、管狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、絲(si)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、薄膜、環(huan)形、C形、殊形狀(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)、帶缺口、帶預制(zhi)(zhi)裂紋或(huo)(huo)缺陷、模型、實物等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 根據上述參(can)數，已(yi)形成下述主要的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普(pu)通(tong)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)方(fang)法:抗(kang)(kang)拉試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、沖擊試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、硬度(du)(du)(du)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、疲勞(lao)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、蠕變(bian)(bian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(持久強度(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)松弛試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan))、斷(duan)裂韌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)壓(ya)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)彎(wan)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)扭試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、抗(kang)(kang)剪(jian)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、耐磨試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)工藝試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)(如杯突、擴(kuo)口、反復(fu)彎(wan)曲、鋼(gang)(gang)管壓(ya)扁、鋼(gang)(gang)絲(si)纏(chan)繞試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)驗(yan)(yan)等(deng)(deng)(deng))等(deng)(deng)(deng)。 金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)門綜合(he)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)學(xue)(xue)(xue)科，它與數學(xue)(xue)(xue)、力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)、物理學(xue)(xue)(xue)、金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)學(xue)(xue)(xue)以(yi)及無(wu)(wu)線電技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、自動(dong)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電子計(ji)算機(ji)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、數字顯(xian)示(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、電液伺(si)服(fu)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)-應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)變(bian)(bian)測(ce)(ce)量技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、近代無(wu)(wu)損檢(jian)驗(yan)(yan)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)、儀(yi)器儀(yi)表制(zhi)(zhi)造技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)密切相關。60年代以(yi)來,由(you)于這些域(yu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)先進成就(jiu)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用到金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中去，使金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)精度(du)(du)(du)、能(neng)(neng)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)自動(dong)化(hua)程度(du)(du)(du)顯(xian)著提高(gao)(gao)，基(ji)本上可實現(xian)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)諸參(can)數的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)、測(ce)(ce)量和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)記錄的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)自動(dong)化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)圖表化(hua)。金(jin)(jin)(jin)屬(shu)(shu)(shu)力(li)(li)(li)(li)(li)學(xue)(xue)(xue)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)測(ce)(ce)試(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)技(ji)(ji)術(shu)(shu)正向著無(wu)(wu)惰(duo)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)電子化(hua)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)盤(pan)自動(dong)化(hua)(廣泛應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用電子計(ji)算機(ji))的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)方(fang)向邁進。
