反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程的(de)基本(ben)特(te)征決定(ding)了(le)適宜(yi)的(de)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器形式。例如氣固(gu)相反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過(guo)程大致是(shi)用固(gu)定(ding)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器、流(liu)化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器或移動床反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器。但是(shi)適宜(yi)的(de)選型則需(xu)考慮(lv)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的(de)熱效應(ying)(ying)、對(dui)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)轉(zhuan)化(hua)率和(he)選擇率的(de)要求、催化(hua)劑物理(li)化(hua)學性態和(he)失活等多種因素。

  不銹鋼反(fan)應器(qi)的(de)操作(zuo)方(fang)(fang)式和加(jia)料(liao)方(fang)(fang)式也需考慮。例如(ru)，對于有(you)串聯(lian)或平行副反(fan)應的(de)過程(cheng)，分段進料(liao)可能(neng)優(you)于一(yi)次(ci)進料(liao)。溫度序(xu)列也是反(fan)應器(qi)選型的(de)一(yi)個重要(yao)因素。例如(ru)，對于放熱的(de)可逆反(fan)應，應采用先高后(hou)低的(de)溫度序(xu)列，多級、級間換熱式反(fan)應器(qi)可使反(fan)應器(qi)的(de)溫度序(xu)列趨于合理。

下面主(zhu)要(yao)介(jie)紹釜式反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)、管(guan)式反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)、塔式反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)、固定床反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)、流化(hua)床反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)器(qi)。

①. 釜式反應器

  釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器也稱槽式(shi)、鍋式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器，它是(shi)各類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器中(zhong)結構較(jiao)為簡單且(qie)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)較(jiao)廣的(de)一(yi)種。主要(yao)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，在(zai)氣-液(ye)(ye)、液(ye)(ye)-液(ye)(ye)非(fei)均相反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)也有(you)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)。在(zai)化工生(sheng)產中(zhong)，既適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)間歇(xie)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，又可單釜(fu)或多釜(fu)串(chuan)聯用(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)(yu)連續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)，但在(zai)間歇(xie)生(sheng)產過(guo)程(cheng)(cheng)中(zhong)應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)最多。釜(fu)式(shi)反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器具(ju)有(you)適(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)和壓力范圍寬、適(shi)應(ying)(ying)(ying)性強(qiang)、操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)彈(dan)性大、連續(xu)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)時(shi)(shi)溫(wen)(wen)度(du)濃度(du)容(rong)易控制、產品質量均一(yi)等特點。但用(yong)(yong)(yong)在(zai)較(jiao)高轉化率工藝要(yao)求時(shi)(shi)，需要(yao)較(jiao)大容(rong)積。通常(chang)在(zai)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)條件比較(jiao)緩和的(de)情(qing)況下使(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)，如常(chang)壓、溫(wen)(wen)度(du)較(jiao)低(di)且(qie)低(di)于(yu)(yu)物料沸(fei)點時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)(ying)用(yong)(yong)(yong)此類反(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器最為普遍(bian)。

②. 管式反應(ying)器

  管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)主(zhu)要用于氣(qi)相、液相、氣(qi)-液相連續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)，由單根(gen)（直管(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)盤(pan)管(guan)(guan)）連續(xu)(xu)或(huo)(huo)(huo)多(duo)(duo)根(gen)平(ping)行排列(lie)的管(guan)(guan)子(zi)組(zu)成，一(yi)般設有(you)套管(guan)(guan)或(huo)(huo)(huo)殼管(guan)(guan)式(shi)換熱(re)裝置。操(cao)作(zuo)時(shi)，物料自(zi)一(yi)端連續(xu)(xu)加(jia)(jia)(jia)入，在(zai)管(guan)(guan)中(zhong)連續(xu)(xu)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，從另一(yi)端連續(xu)(xu)流出(chu)，便達到了要求的轉化(hua)(hua)(hua)率。由于管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)能承受(shou)較(jiao)高(gao)的壓(ya)(ya)力，故用于加(jia)(jia)(jia)壓(ya)(ya)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)尤為(wei)合(he)適，例如(ru)油(you)脂(zhi)或(huo)(huo)(huo)脂(zhi)肪(fang)酸(suan)加(jia)(jia)(jia)氫生(sheng)產高(gao)碳醇、裂解(jie)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)用的管(guan)(guan)式(shi)爐便是管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。此種反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具有(you)容積(ji)小(xiao)、比表(biao)面大(da)、返混少、反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)混合(he)物連續(xu)(xu)性變化(hua)(hua)(hua)、易(yi)于控(kong)制等(deng)優點。但若(ruo)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)速度較(jiao)慢時(shi)，則有(you)所(suo)需(xu)管(guan)(guan)子(zi)長、壓(ya)(ya)降較(jiao)大(da)等(deng)不(bu)足(zu)。隨著化(hua)(hua)(hua)工生(sheng)產越來越趨于大(da)型化(hua)(hua)(hua)、連續(xu)(xu)化(hua)(hua)(hua)、自(zi)動化(hua)(hua)(hua)，連續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)在(zai)生(sheng)產中(zhong)使用越來越多(duo)(duo)，某些傳(chuan)統上(shang)一(yi)直使用間歇攪拌釜(fu)(fu)的高(gao)分子(zi)聚合(he)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)，目前也開(kai)始改用連續(xu)(xu)操(cao)作(zuo)的管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的長徑(jing)比較(jiao)大(da)，與釜(fu)(fu)式(shi)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)(qi)(qi)相比在(zai)結構上(shang)差異(yi)較(jiao)大(da)，有(you)直管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、盤(pan)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)、多(duo)(duo)管(guan)(guan)式(shi)等(deng)。

③. 塔式反應(ying)器

  塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)長徑比(bi)介于(yu)釜(fu)式(shi)(shi)和(he)管式(shi)(shi)之間(jian)。主要用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于(yu)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)-液(ye)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)有(you)(you)鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、填料塔(ta)(ta)(ta)、板式(shi)(shi)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)。最常(chang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)的(de)是鼓泡(pao)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)式(shi)(shi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)器(qi)，底部裝有(you)(you)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分布器(qi)，殼外裝有(you)(you)夾套或(huo)其他形(xing)式(shi)(shi)換熱(re)器(qi)或(huo)設有(you)(you)擴大(da)(da)段(duan)、液(ye)滴捕集器(qi)等。反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)通過(guo)分布器(qi)上的(de)小孔以(yi)(yi)鼓泡(pao)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)通過(guo)液(ye)層進行化學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)間(jian)歇(xie)或(huo)連(lian)續(xu)(xu)加(jia)入，連(lian)續(xu)(xu)加(jia)入的(de)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)可以(yi)(yi)和(he)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)并(bing)流(liu)或(huo)逆流(liu)，一般采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)并(bing)流(liu)形(xing)式(shi)(shi)較多。氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內為分散相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)為連(lian)續(xu)(xu)相(xiang)，液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)返混程(cheng)度(du)較大(da)(da)。為了提高(gao)氣(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)分散程(cheng)度(du)和(he)減少(shao)液(ye)體(ti)(ti)(ti)(ti)軸(zhou)向循環，可以(yi)(yi)在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內安置(zhi)水平多孔隔板。當吸收或(huo)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)過(guo)程(cheng)熱(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)不大(da)(da)時(shi)，可采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)夾套換熱(re)裝置(zhi)，熱(re)效應(ying)(ying)(ying)較大(da)(da)時(shi)，可在塔(ta)(ta)(ta)內增設換熱(re)蛇管或(huo)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)塔(ta)(ta)(ta)外換熱(re)裝置(zhi)，也可以(yi)(yi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)(ying)液(ye)蒸發的(de)方法(fa)帶走熱(re)量。

④. 固(gu)定床反應器

  固(gu)(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)板(ban)(ban)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器是(shi)指流(liu)體通過靜止(zhi)不(bu)動的固(gu)(gu)體物料(liao)所形(xing)成的床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)而(er)進(jin)行化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的設(she)(she)備。以(yi)氣-固(gu)(gu)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)的固(gu)(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器最常(chang)見(jian)。固(gu)(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器根據床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)數的多(duo)少又可(ke)分為單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)和多(duo)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)兩種(zhong)類型(xing)。單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)般為高徑比不(bu)大的圓(yuan)筒體，在圓(yuan)筒體下部裝有(you)柵板(ban)(ban)等板(ban)(ban)件，其(qi)上為催(cui)化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，均勻地(di)堆(dui)置一(yi)定厚度的催(cui)化(hua)劑固(gu)(gu)體顆粒。單段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)固(gu)(gu)定床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器結(jie)構簡單、造(zao)價(jia)便(bian)宜(yi)、反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器體積利用率高。多(duo)段(duan)(duan)式(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)在圓(yuan)筒體反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器內設(she)(she)有(you)多(duo)個催(cui)化(hua)劑床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)，在各床(chuang)(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)(ceng)之間可(ke)采(cai)用多(duo)種(zhong)方式(shi)(shi)(shi)進(jin)行反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)物料(liao)的換熱。其(qi)特點是(shi)便(bian)于控制調節反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)(wen)度，防止(zhi)反(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)溫(wen)(wen)度超(chao)出允許范(fan)圍(wei)。

⑤. 流(liu)化床反應(ying)器(qi)

  細小的(de)固體顆粒被流(liu)(liu)動著的(de)流(liu)(liu)體攜帶，具有流(liu)(liu)體一(yi)(yi)樣自由流(liu)(liu)動的(de)性(xing)質，此種現象稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)固體的(de)流(liu)(liu)態化(hua)。一(yi)(yi)般把反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)和在其中呈流(liu)(liu)態化(hua)的(de)固體催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)顆粒合在一(yi)(yi)起，稱(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)多(duo)用(yong)于氣-固反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)過程。當原料(liao)(liao)氣通(tong)過反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)時，催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)顆粒受氣流(liu)(liu)作用(yong)而懸浮起來呈翻滾沸騰狀，原料(liao)(liao)氣在處于流(liu)(liu)態化(hua)的(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)表面進行(xing)化(hua)學反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)，此時的(de)催(cui)化(hua)劑(ji)床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)即為(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)，也叫(jiao)沸騰床(chuang)(chuang)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)的(de)形式(shi)很多(duo)，但一(yi)(yi)般都由殼體、內(nei)部構件、固體顆粒裝卸設備及氣體分(fen)布(bu)、傳熱、氣固分(fen)離裝置等構成(cheng)。流(liu)(liu)化(hua)床(chuang)(chuang)反(fan)(fan)(fan)應(ying)(ying)器(qi)也可根(gen)據床(chuang)(chuang)層(ceng)結構分(fen)為(wei)(wei)圓筒式(shi)、圓錐式(shi)和多(duo)管式(shi)等類型。

  不同類型反應(ying)器在(zai)工業(ye)生產中的適用(yong)(yong)情況見(jian)表6.2。不同結構形式(shi)的反應(ying)器在(zai)工業(ye)裝置中的應(ying)用(yong)(yong)舉例見(jian)表6.3。